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Liang Province Rebellion
The Liang Province Rebellion of 184 to 189 started as an insurrection of the Qiang peoples against the Han dynasty in the western province of Liang (Liangzhou, 涼州, more-or-less today's Wuwei, in Gansu province) of second century AD China, but the Lesser Yuezhi and sympathetic Han rebels soon joined the cause to wrestle control of the province away from central authority. This rebellion, which closely followed the Yellow Turban Rebellion, was part of a series of disturbances that led to the decline and ultimate downfall of the Han dynasty.〔Haloun, p. 119〕 Despite receiving relatively little attention in the hands of traditional historians, the rebellion nonetheless had lasting importance as it removed Han Chinese power in the northwest and prepared that land for a number of non-Han-Chinese states in the centuries to come.〔de Crespigny (1984), p. 146〕
==Outbreak (184)==
The rebellion began in the winter of 184 with two groups of Qiang people causing disturbances in the outlying regions of northwestern China, with one group in the northwestern commanderies of Beidi (北地) and Anding, and another in at the counties of Fuhan (枹罕) and Heguan (河關) in the upper Yellow River valley. Initially, the two groups were likely separate, each trying to seize the opportunity to resist the weakened Han rule after years of corruption and misrule.〔Haloun, p. 120〕〔de Crespigny (1984), p. 147〕 The situation escalated in October or November 184 when the troops of the Auxiliary of Loyal Barbarians From Huangzhong (湟中義從胡), which consisted of Qiang and Lesser Yuezhi recruits sent to suppress the disturbances, mutinied against their Han Chinese superiors in the military camp of Lianju (令居;〔Following the pronunciation specified by Meng Kang's commentary to the ''Book of Han''. See note 14 of de Crespigny (1984), p. 471.〕 northwest of present-day Lanzhou)〔 and joined the insurgents, killing the Colonel Protector of the Qiang (護羌校尉), Ling Zheng (冷徵), in the process. At this point, the two groups had joined together, with former Auxiliary soldiers Beigong Boyu (北宮伯玉) and Li Wenhou (李文侯) as their leaders. This union meant that the rebels now had control of the band of territory along the Yellow River in present-day Lanzhou.〔
Within a few weeks, the rebels attacked and captured Yuanya (允吾〔Following the pronunciation specified by Ying Shao's commentary to the ''Book of the Later Han''. See note 37 of de Crespigny (1984), p. 474. The modern pronunciation of the same characters would be "Yunwu".〕), the capital of Jincheng commandery (金城), making the commandery their main stronghold for rebel operations.〔 The rebels were helped by the fact that the local governor Zuo Chang (左昌), Inspector of Liang Province (涼州刺史), had embezzled the funds allocated for the defence force, making no relief possible.〔de Crespigny (1984), p. 149〕 The Grand Administrator Chen Yi (陳懿) went to the rebels' camp to negotiate for the release of hostages, but the rebels killed him. The hostages – which included Bian Zhang, the former Prefect of Xin'an (新安縣令); and Han Sui, Attendant Official of Liang Province (涼州從事) – were then persuaded to join the rebels' cause. The addition of such reputable and influential men gave the rebellion wider popular support,〔 and the two men were to play more prominent roles in the rebellion as the course of events progressed.
The rebels then besieged Zuo Chang's headquarters in the county of Ji (冀; south of present-day Gangu, Gansu). Some outlying Han generals were initially reluctant to help Zuo Chang, but He Xun (蓋勳), a much-respected and successful general, forced those generals to come to Zuo Chang's aid with powerful persuasion. The rebels, out of respect for He Xun, broke off the siege.〔de Crespigny (1989), Zhongping 1: 1874〕 After this episode, Zuo Chang was replaced by Song Nie (宋臬), a devout Confucian who believed that the situation could be remedied only by teaching the people the ''Classic of Filial Piety''. He submitted this proposal to the imperial court despite his junior officials' advice and was promptly dismissed in favour of Yang Yong (楊雍).〔 Local situations did not improve with the appointment, however, and the local officials soon found themselves besieged by the rebels again. The new Protector Xia Yu (夏育), a man with some experience with Qiang rebellions, was attacked by a rebel contingent led by Qiang chieftain Dianyu (滇吾)〔de Crespigny (1984), p. 160. For the pronunciation of this name, see de Crespigny (1984), p. 476 note 2.〕 at the Herding Office (畜官) of Hanyang Commandery (present-day Tianshui) and He Xun once again led troops for relief. This time, however, He Xun was severely defeated at nearby Hupan (狐槃). While both Xia Yu and He Xun made their escape, it was clear at this point that provincial authorities could not deal with the rebellion by themselves.〔Haloun, p. 121〕
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